Can You Use Dex Cool in a Ford

Coolant additive which reduces the freezing point of h2o

An antifreeze is an condiment which lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid. An antifreeze mixture is used to achieve freezing-indicate low for cold environments. Common antifreezes also increase the boiling signal of the liquid, allowing higher coolant temperature.^[1] All the same, all common antifreeze additives also accept lower estrus capacities than water, and do reduce water's ability to act as a coolant when added to information technology.^[two]

Because water has practiced properties as a coolant, water plus antifreeze is used in internal combustion engines and other heat transfer applications, such every bit HVAC chillers and solar h2o heaters. The purpose of antifreeze is to prevent a rigid enclosure from bursting due to expansion when h2o freezes. Commercially, both the additive (pure concentrate) and the mixture (diluted solution) are called antifreeze, depending on the context. Careful choice of an antifreeze can enable a wide temperature range in which the mixture remains in the liquid phase, which is critical to efficient heat transfer and the proper functioning of heat exchangers. Besides important to note is well-nigh if not all commercial antifreeze formulations intended for use in heat transfer applications include different kinds of anti-corrosion and anti-cavitation agents that protect the hydraulic circuit from progressive wear.

Principles and history [edit]

Water was the original coolant for internal combustion engines. Information technology is cheap, nontoxic, and has a loftier heat capacity. It however has simply a 100 °C liquid range, and it expands upon freezing. These problems are addressed past the development of culling coolants with improved properties. Freezing and boiling points are colligative properties of a solution, which depend on the concentration of dissolved substances. Hence salts lower the melting points of aqueous solutions. Salts are frequently used for de-icing, but salt solutions are not used for cooling systems because they induce corrosion of metals. Depression molecular weight organic compounds tend to have melting points lower than water, which makes them suitable for use as antifreeze agents. Solutions of organic compounds, especially alcohols, in water are effective. Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, etc. have been the ground of all antifreezes since they were commercialized in the 1920s.^[ane]

Use and occurrence [edit]

Automotive and internal combustion engine use [edit]

Fluorescent green-dyed antifreeze is visible in the radiator header tank when motorcar radiator cap is removed

About automotive engines are "h2o"-cooled to remove waste heat, although the "water" is really antifreeze/water mixture and non patently h2o. The term engine coolant is widely used in the automotive industry, which covers its principal function of convective heat transfer for internal combustion engines. When used in an automotive context, corrosion inhibitors are added to help protect vehicles' radiators, which often contain a range of electrochemically incompatible metals (aluminum, bandage iron, copper, brass, solder, et cetera). Water pump seal lubricant is besides added.

Antifreeze was adult to overcome the shortcomings of water every bit a rut transfer fluid.

On the other hand, if the engine coolant gets too hot, it might eddy while inside the engine, causing voids (pockets of steam), leading to localized hot spots and the catastrophic failure of the engine. If obviously water were to exist used as an engine coolant in northern climates freezing would occur, causing significant internal engine damage. Also, plain water would increase the prevalence of galvanic corrosion. Proper engine coolant and a pressurized coolant organization obviate these shortcomings of water. With proper antifreeze, a wide temperature range can be tolerated by the engine coolant, such as −34 °F (−37 °C) to +265 °F (129 °C) for 50% (by volume) propylene glycol diluted with distilled water and a 15 psi pressurized coolant system.^[3]

Early engine coolant antifreeze was methanol (methyl booze). Ethylene glycol was adult considering its higher humid point was more compatible with heating systems.

Other industrial uses [edit]

The most common water-based antifreeze solutions used in electronics cooling are mixtures of water and either ethylene glycol (EGW) or propylene glycol (PGW). The use of ethylene glycol has a longer history, especially in the automotive manufacture. However, EGW solutions formulated for the automotive manufacture oft have silicate based rust inhibitors that tin coat and/or clog estrus exchanger surfaces. Ethylene glycol is listed every bit a toxic chemical requiring care in handling and disposal.

Ethylene glycol has desirable thermal properties, including a high boiling point, low freezing point, stability over a broad range of temperatures, and high specific oestrus and thermal conductivity. It likewise has a low viscosity and, therefore, reduced pumping requirements. Although EGW has more than desirable concrete backdrop than PGW, the latter coolant is used in applications where toxicity might be a business. PGW is mostly recognized as safe for apply in food or nutrient processing applications, and can also exist used in enclosed spaces.

Similar mixtures are normally used in HVAC and industrial heating or cooling systems as a high-chapters heat transfer medium. Many formulations have corrosion inhibitors, and it is expected that these chemicals will be replenished (manually or under automatic command) to keep expensive piping and equipment from corroding.

Biological antifreezes [edit]

Antifreeze proteins refer to chemical compounds produced by certain animals, plants, and other organisms that forbid the formation of ice. In this mode, these compounds allow their host organism to operate at temperatures well below the freezing point of water. Antifreeze proteins bind to pocket-sized ice crystals to inhibit growth and recrystallization of ice that would otherwise exist fatal.^{[4] [5]}

Master agents [edit]

Ethylene glycol [edit]

Most antifreeze is made by mixing distilled h2o with additives and a base product – Million (mono ethylene glycol) or MPG (mono propylene glycol). Ethylene glycol solutions became available in 1926 and were marketed as "permanent antifreeze" since the college boiling points provided advantages for summertime utilize too every bit during cold conditions. They are used today for a variety of applications, including automobiles, just in that location are lower-toxicity alternatives fabricated with propylene glycol bachelor.

When ethylene glycol is used in a arrangement, it may get oxidized to v organic acids (formic, oxalic, glycolic, glyoxalic and acetic acid). Inhibited ethylene glycol antifreeze mixes are bachelor, with additives that buffer the pH and reserve alkalinity of the solution to foreclose oxidation of ethylene glycol and formation of these acids. Nitrites, silicates, borates and azoles may too be used to prevent corrosive attack on metal.

Ethylene glycol has a bitter, sweet taste and causes inebriation. The toxic furnishings of ingesting ethylene glycol occur because it is converted past the liver into 4 other chemicals that are much more than toxic. The lethal dose of pure ethylene glycol is 1.4 ml/kg (iii US fluid ounces (xc ml) is lethal to a 140-pound (64 kg) person) but is much less lethal if treated inside an 60 minutes.^[6] (see Ethylene glycol poisoning).

Propylene glycol [edit]

Propylene glycol is considerably less toxic than ethylene glycol and may be labeled as "non-toxic antifreeze". It is used as antifreeze where ethylene glycol would be inappropriate, such as in food-processing systems or in water pipes in homes where incidental ingestion may be possible. For example, the U.Due south. FDA allows propylene glycol to exist added to a big number of processed foods, including ice cream, frozen custard, salad dressings, and baked goods, and information technology is commonly used equally the main ingredient in the "eastward-liquid" used in electronic cigarettes. Propylene glycol oxidizes to lactic acid.^[seven]

As well cooling system corrosion, biological fouling also occurs. Once bacterial slime starts to grow, the corrosion charge per unit of the system increases. Maintenance of systems using glycol solution includes regular monitoring of freeze protection, pH, specific gravity, inhibitor level, color, and biological contagion.

Propylene glycol should be replaced when information technology turns a reddish color. When an aqueous solution of propylene glycol in a cooling or heating organisation develops a reddish or blackness colour, this indicates that fe in the organization is corroding significantly. In the absence of inhibitors, propylene glycol can react with oxygen and metal ions, generating various compounds including organic acids (e.g., formic, oxalic, acetic). These acids accelerate the corrosion of metals in the arrangement.^{[8] [nine] [10] [xi]}

Other antifreezes [edit]

Propylene glycol methyl ether is used as an antifreeze in diesel fuel engines. It is more than volatile than glycol.^[1]

One time used for automotive antifreeze, glycerol has the advantage of being not-toxic, withstands relatively high temperatures, and is noncorrosive. It is not still used widely.^[1] Glycerol was historically used as an antifreeze for automotive applications earlier being replaced by ethylene glycol.^{[12] [thirteen]} Glycerol is mandated for use every bit an antifreeze in many sprinkler systems.

Measuring the freeze point [edit]

Once antifreeze has been mixed with water and put into use, it periodically needs to be maintained. If engine coolant leaks, boils, or if the cooling system needs to exist drained and refilled, the antifreeze's freeze protection will demand to exist considered. In other cases a vehicle may need to be operated in a colder environment, requiring more antifreeze and less water. Iii methods are commonly employed to determine the freeze signal of the solution past measuring the concentration:^[14]

1. Specific gravity—(using a hydrometer exam strip or some sort of floating indicator),
2. Refractometer—which measures the refractive index of the antifreeze solution, and
3. Test strips—specialized, disposable indicators made for this purpose.

Both specific gravity and refractive index are affected by temperature, although the former is affected much less catastrophically. Temperature compensation is nevertheless recommended for RI measurement.^[14] Propylene glycol solutions cannot exist tested using specific gravity because of cryptic results (40% and 100% solutions have the aforementioned specific gravity),^[fourteen] although typical uses rarely exceed 60% concentration.

The humid point tin can exist similarly adamant by a concentration given from one of the three methods. Datasheets for glycol/water coolant mixtures are commonly bachelor from chemical vendors.^[15]

Corrosion inhibitors [edit]

Most commercial antifreeze formulations include corrosion inhibiting compounds, and a colored dye (commonly a fluorescent green, red, orangish, yellow, or blue) to aid in identification.^[sixteen] A 1:1 dilution with water is usually used, resulting in a freezing point of near −34 °F (−37 °C), depending on the formulation. In warmer or colder areas, weaker or stronger dilutions are used, respectively, simply a range of 40%/sixty% to lx%/40% is frequently specified to ensure corrosion protection, and 70%/30% for maximum freeze prevention down to −84 °F (−64 °C).^[17]

Maintenance [edit]

In the absenteeism of leaks, antifreeze chemicals such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol may retain their basic properties indefinitely. By contrast, corrosion inhibitors are gradually used upward, and must be replenished from fourth dimension to time. Larger systems (such equally HVAC systems) are often monitored by specialist firms which have responsibility for calculation corrosion inhibitors and regulating coolant composition. For simplicity, well-nigh automotive manufacturers recommend periodic complete replacement of engine coolant, to simultaneously renew corrosion inhibitors and remove accumulated contaminants.

Traditional inhibitors [edit]

Traditionally, there were two major corrosion inhibitors used in vehicles: silicates and phosphates. American-fabricated vehicles traditionally used both silicates and phosphates.^[eighteen] European makes contain silicates and other inhibitors, but no phosphates.^[eighteen] Japanese makes traditionally use phosphates and other inhibitors, but no silicates.^{[xviii] [19]}

Organic acid technology [edit]

Certain cars are built with organic acid technology (OAT) antifreeze (e.g., DEX-COOL^[20]), or with a hybrid organic acid technology (HOAT) conception (eastward.g., Zerex 1000-05),^[21] both of which are claimed to have an extended service life of five years or 240,000 km (150,000 mi).

DEX-Cool specifically has caused controversy. Litigation has linked it with intake manifold gasket failures in General Motors' (GM's) 3.1L and 3.4L engines, and with other failures in 3.8L and four.3L engines. One of the anti-corrosion components presented equally sodium or potassium two-ethylhexanoate and ethylhexanoic acid is incompatible with nylon six,six and silicone rubber, and is a known plasticizer. Class action lawsuits were registered in several states of the US, and in Canada,^[22] to accost some of these claims. The kickoff of these to reach a determination was in Missouri, where a settlement was appear early in Dec 2007.^[23] Belatedly in March 2008, GM agreed to compensate complainants in the remaining 49 states.^[24] GM (Motors Liquidation Company) filed for bankruptcy in 2009, which tied up the outstanding claims until a court determines who gets paid.^[25]

Co-ordinate to the DEX-Absurd manufacturer, "mixing a 'green' [non-OAT] coolant with DEX-Cool reduces the batch's alter interval to 2 years or 30,000 miles, just will otherwise cause no impairment to the engine".^[26] DEX-COOL antifreeze uses 2 inhibitors: sebacate and 2-EHA (2-ethylhexanoic acrid), the latter which works well with the hard water found in the Usa, but is a plasticizer that can crusade gaskets to leak.^[18]

According to internal GM documents,^[26] the ultimate culprit appears to be operating vehicles for long periods of time with low coolant levels. The low coolant is acquired past pressure caps that fail in the open up position. (The new caps and recovery bottles were introduced at the same time as DEX-Absurd). This exposes hot engine components to air and vapors, causing corrosion and contamination of the coolant with iron oxide particles, which in plow can aggravate the pressure cap trouble as contamination holds the caps open permanently.^[26]

Honda and Toyota's new extended life coolant use OAT with sebacate, but without the 2-EHA. Some added phosphates provide protection while the OAT builds up.^[xviii] Honda specifically excludes 2-EHA from their formulas.

Typically, OAT antifreeze contains an orangish dye to differentiate information technology from the conventional glycol-based coolants (green or yellow), though some OAT products may contain a red or mauve dye. Some of the newer OAT coolants claim to be uniform with all types of OAT and glycol-based coolants; these are typically green or yellow in color.^[xvi]

Hybrid organic acrid engineering [edit]

HOAT coolants typically mix an OAT with a traditional inhibitor, commonly silicates.^[27]

An instance is Zerex G05, which is a low-silicate, phosphate free formula that includes the benzoate inhibitor.^[xviii]

A HOAT coolant can have a life expectancy as high as x years / 180,000 miles.^[27]

Phosphate hybrid organic acid technology [edit]

P-HOAT coolants mix phosphates with HOAT.^[27] This technology is typically used in Asian makes and is often dyed red or blue.^[27]

Silicate hybrid organic acid applied science [edit]

Si-OAT coolants mix silicates with HOAT.^[27] This applied science is typically used in European makes and is often dyed pink.^[27]

Additives [edit]

All automotive antifreeze formulations, including the newer organic acid (OAT antifreeze) formulations, are environmentally hazardous because of the blend of additives (around 5%), including lubricants, buffers and corrosion inhibitors.^[28] Because the additives in antifreeze are proprietary, the safety data sheets (SDS) provided by the manufacturer listing only those compounds which are considered to be significant safety hazards when used in accord with the manufacturer's recommendations. Mutual additives include sodium silicate, disodium phosphate, sodium molybdate, sodium borate, denatonium benzoate and dextrin (hydroxyethyl starch).

Disodium fluorescein dye is added to conventional ethylene glycol formulas to visually distinguish leaked amounts from other vehicle fluids, and every bit a marker of blazon to distinguish it from incompatible types.^[16] This dye fluoresces bright dark-green when illuminated by blue or UV light from daylight or testing lamps.

Automotive antifreeze has a characteristic odor due to the additive tolytriazole, a corrosion inhibitor. The unpleasant odor in industrial use tolytriazole comes from impurities in the product that are formed from the toluidine isomers (ortho-, meta- and para-toluidine) and meta-diamino toluene which are side-products in the industry of tolytriazole.^[29] These side-products are highly reactive and produce volatile aromatic amines which are responsible for the unpleasant odor.^[30]

Meet besides [edit]

• Antifreeze protein
• Air cooling
• Cryoprotectant
• Heater core
• Water ice melt
• Internal combustion engine cooling
• Radiator
• Water cooling
• Waterless coolant

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Bosen, Sidney F.; Bowles, William A.; Ford, Emory A.; Perlson, Bruce D. (2000). "Antifreezes". Ullmann'southward Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical science. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a03_023.
2. ^ "Dispelling the Myths of Oestrus Transfer Fluids Presentation" (PDF). Dow Chemic Visitor. Retrieved 2021-06-04 .
3. ^ https://autoknowit.com/how-to-flush-your-coolant/
4. ^ Goodsell D (Dec 2009). "Molecule of the Month: Antifreeze Proteins". The Scripps Inquiry Institute and the RCSB PDB. doi:10.2210/rcsb_pdb/mom_2009_12. Archived from the original on 2015-11-04. Retrieved 2019-08-12 .
5. ^ Fletcher GL, Hew CL, Davies PL (2001). "Antifreeze proteins of teleost fishes". Annual Review of Physiology. 63: 359–xc. doi:x.1146/annurev.physiol.63.ane.359. PMID 11181960.
6. ^ PM Leth, M Gregersen. Ethylene glycol poisoning. Forensic science international, 2005 - Elsevier
7. ^ Evaluation of Sure Nutrient Additives and Contaminants (Technical Report Series). World Wellness Organization. p. 105. ISBN92-4-120909-vii.
8. ^ Hartwick, D.; Hutchinson, D.; Langevin, M., "A multi-field of study arroyo to closed system treatment," Corrosion 2004; New Orleans, Louisiana; March 28 - April 1, 2004; NACE (National Association of Corrosion Engineers) paper 04-322. See: Document preview. ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
9. ^ Kenneth Soeder, Daniel Benson, and Dennis Tomsheck, "An on-line cleaning procedure used to remove atomic number 26 and microbiological fouling from a disquisitional glycol-contaminated closed-loop cooling water system," ^{[ permanent dead link ]} 2007 Annual Convention and Exposition of the Association of Water Technologies; Colorado Springs, Colorado; Nov 7–ten, 2007
10. ^ Allan Browning and David Berry (September / October 2010) "Selecting and maintaining glycol based heat transfer fluids," ^{[ permanent dead link ]} Facilities Technology Journal, pages 16-eighteen.
11. ^ Walter J. Rossiter, Jr., McClure Godette, Paul W. Brownish and Kevin One thousand. Galuk (1985) "An investigation of the degradation of aqueous ethylene glycol and propylene glycol solutions using ion chromatography," Solar Energy Materials, vol. 11, pages 455-467.
12. ^ Hudgens, R. Douglas; Hercamp, Richard D.; Francis, Jaime; Nyman, Dan A.; Bartoli, Yolanda (2007). "An Evaluation of Glycerin (Glycerol) as a Heavy Duty Engine Antifreeze/Coolant Base of operations". SAE Technical Paper Series. Vol. one. doi:10.4271/2007-01-4000. Retrieved 2013-06-07 .
13. ^ "Proposed ASTM Engine Coolant Standards Focus on Glycerin". Archived from the original on 2012-eleven-20. Retrieved 2013-06-07 .
14. ^ ^{a b c} Engine Cooling Testing: Why use a refractometer? Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback Car posted 2/7/2001 by Michael Reimer
15. ^
    • Ethylene GlycolHeat Transfer Fluid Freeze/Boiling Point Nautical chart, CoreChem
    • Ethylene Glycol product guide, MEGlobal
16. ^ ^{a b c} Coolants Matrix 2003_5.xls. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-01-01. Archived 2008-04-xvi at the Wayback Motorcar
17. ^ Summit Antifreeze nautical chart Archived October v, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
18. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Coolant Defoliation: Information technology's Not Easy Beingness Green ... or Yellow or Orange or ..." motor.com. Retrieved 2013-06-07 .
19. ^ "Coolant Defoliation". Archived from the original on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2013-06-07 .
20. ^ Products: Northward America: Anti Freeze/Coolants. Havoline.com (2003-01-31). Retrieved on 2011-01-01.
21. ^ "Zerex Grand-05® Antifreeze / Coolant". Retrieved 2013-06-07 .
22. ^ "Canadian Nationwide Class Action Settlement Understanding" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-12. Retrieved 2013-06-07 .
23. ^ Tentative Settlement of GM DEX-Absurd Class Action Accommodate
24. ^ DEX-COOL Litigation Website
25. ^ "GM wants to dump liability for damaged engines in Dex-Cool cases". xviii November 2009. Retrieved 2013-06-07 .
26. ^ ^{a b c} Typhoon—DEX 2007, Function 3: Now It's All Up To The Judges and Juries. Imcool.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-01.
27. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Gears Magazine - Absurd It: What You Need to Know about Your Vehicle's Cooling System".
28. ^ A safe and constructive propylene glycol based capture liquid for fruit fly traps baited with synthetic lures – page 2|Florida Entomologist. Findarticles.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-01.
29. ^ VOGT, P. F. 2005. Tolytriazole-myth and misconceptions. The Analyst 12: ane–iii.
30. ^ A safe and effective propylene glycol based capture liquid for fruit wing traps baited with constructed lures; Florida Entomologist, June, 2008 by Donald B. Thomas

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze

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